Core Idea
In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, some writers claimed that human groups had fixed biological traits and ranked civilizations accordingly.
Main Pattern
Jews were described as a racial type with inherited moral, mental, or physical traits. The claim looked modern because it borrowed the style of science.
Historical Snapshot
Anthropometry, eugenics, racial hygiene, and pseudo-Darwinian language gave antisemitism a new authority in Europe and North America.
Modern Echo
Online extremists still recycle charts, skull-measurement myths, IQ claims, and genetics language to make old prejudice look empirical.